What happens when a short circuit occurs in an electrical system?

When a short circuit occurs in an electrical system, it essentially creates an unintended low-resistance path for the electrical current. This bypassing of the normal load can lead to a rapid increase in current flow, which is characterized by conditions associated with choice D.

In a normal circuit, current flows through resistive elements like lamps or motors, which restrict the flow to a safe level. However, in a short circuit, the current finds a much easier route, exceeding safe levels and causing excessive heat, which can lead to damage of the electrical components, create sparks, or even result in fire.

The other options do not accurately capture the immediate outcome of a short circuit. While a power surge can occur as a secondary effect in certain conditions, the defining characteristic of a short circuit itself is the creation of this direct, unintended connection that fundamentally alters the flow of current. Therefore, identifying that a short circuit is indeed the cause of the malfunction is central to understanding electrical issues and ensuring safe practices in electrical systems.